Background

ROLE

I lead a research team dedicated to delineating and predicting the response to lithium in bipolar disorder. My clinical work is conducted at the Regional Affective Disorders Service, where I lead the inpatient facility. Within the Centre for In Vivo Imaging (CIVI), as Director of Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, I provide clinical leadership for the conduct of MRI studies.

RESEARCH OVERVIEW

My personal research programme revolves around determining the effects of lithium on the brain with respect to its distribution, using advanced imaging techniques such as 7Li-MRI. We are exploring whether imaging techniques used in combination with in-depth clinical profiling may better identify of those most likely to benefit from this important medication.

Qualifications

BMedSci(Hons) MBBS MRCP FRCPsych PhD

Professional registration

GMC 4342395 – Specialist register since December 2011 (Adult Psychiatry)

Current appointment

2020 Director, Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University

2018 Clinical Senior Lecturer Newcastle University

2012 Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist CNTW NHS Foundation Trust

Previous appointments

2014-2020 MRC Clinician Scientist Newcastle University

2011-2014 Clinical Research Fellow, Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle University

2009-2011 FSF Funded Clinical Research Associate Newcastle University

2006-2009 MRC Clinical Research Training Fellow Newcastle University

Additional roles and responsibilities

Executive Committee member, EU H2020 funded R-LiNK initiative study

Work Package leader (7Li-MRI), EU H2020 funded R-LiNK initiative study

Principal Investigator CRiB2 study (Newcastle site)

Committee Member Royal College of Psychiatrists Psychopharmacology Committee

Member International Group for the Study of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLi)

Member ISBD/IGSLI International Lithium Task Force

Executive Committee member, Northern Centre for Mood Disorders

Expert member, NIHR Mental Health Translational Research Collaboration – Treatment Resistant Depression

Editorial Board member, Journal of Affective Disorders

Area of expertise: Lithium - MRI - Bipolar Disorder

Research

RESEARCH INTERESTS

My principal research interests are in the application of magnetic resonance techniques to better understand basis, trajectory and treatment of psychiatric disorders. The majority of my work centers around bipolar disorder, a major psychiatric disorder associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.

I have an enduring interest in structural brain imaging, latterly with respect to determining drug effects and the identification of biomarkers in large scale studies. My research combining structural and quantitative imaging has provided novel interpretations of the effect of lithium on the brain, pertinent to its actions in bipolar disorder. I have conducted fMRI studies using stimulant models of mania to determine the effects of lithium on dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems and am investigating is actions on neurometabolite concentrations using proton spectroscopy.

Working closely with physicists at CIVI, we are developing optimised methods to image the distribution of ⁷Li in the brain. Brain ⁷Li distribution is heterogeneous and differs between individuals, but in a manner that may relate to its effects on the brain and ultimately with respect to response to treatment. We have combined ⁷Li-MRI with diffusion MRI techniques to successfully co-localise the distribution of a drug and its tissue level effects in its target organ. ⁷Li-MRI was central to a successful Horizon 2020 proposal (R-LiNK) and we have established this technique in centres across Europe.

RESEARCH FUNDING

• ISSF Funding (£30K) underpinning developmental work enabling the detection of brain lithium following dietary supplementation.
• Milken Foundation (£200K) with Dresden for the BipoLith study of temporospatial pharmacokinetics of lithium in the brain.
• ARUK (£50K) for the Imaging Lithium in Alzheimer's Disease (ILiAD) study.
• Optimizing response to lithium treatment through personalized evaluation of individuals with bipolar I disorder: the R-LiNK initiative. SC1-PM-02-2017 Horizon 2020. €660K (€7.7M total for project) from January 2018 to December 2024.
• Lithium magnetic resonance imaging in controls (LiMRIC): Reece Foundation. £10K from January 2018 to August 2019.
• Bipolar Lithium Imaging and Spectroscopy Study (BLISS): Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship. £1.3M from April 2014 to October 2020.
• Lithium and methamphetamine studies (LAMP): Medical Research Council Clinical Research Training Fellowship. £220K from September 2006 to August 2009.

Teaching

I am Module Leader for MRes Ageing and Health MMB8004

I contribute to teaching on psychiatry and the role of imaging in clinical research on biomedical science courses (Disorders of the Nervous System module), Masters in Clinical Psychology and the MRes course (Ageing and Health as module leader).

I am a personal tutor for MBBS and undergraduate Psychology students, and welcome interest from those wishing to undertake research project placements.

I provide clinical training and supervision within CNTW Foundation Hospital Trust, and regularly lecture on the MRCPsych course (psychopharmacology and imaging) and Northern Centre for Mood Disorders Continuing Professional Development events.

Publications

• Articles

  • Jayakody K, McKinnon I, Cousins DA. Staff observational differences between depressive disorders and personality disorders. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2024. In Press.
  • Little B, Flowers C, Blamire AM, Thelwall PE, Taylor JP, Gallagher P, Cousins DA, Wang Y. Multivariate brain-cognition associations in euthymic bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2024, epub ahead of print.
  • Ou AH, Rosenthal SB, Adli M, Akiyama K, Akula N, Alda M, Amare AT, Ardau R, Arias B, Aubry J-M, Backlund L, Bauer M, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Bhattacharjee AK, Biernacka JM, Cervantes P, Chen G-B, Chen H-C, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark SR, Colom F, Cousins DA, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dantas CR, Dayer A, Del Zompo M, Degenhardt F, DePaulo JR, Etain B, Falkai P, Fellendorf FT, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Forstner AJ, Frisen L, Frye MA, Fullerton JM, Gard S, Garnham JS, Goes FS, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Grof P, Gruber O, Hashimoto R, Hauser J, Heilbronner U, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Hofmann A, Hou L, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Kahn J-P, Kassem L, Kato T, Kittel-Schneider S, Konig B, Kuo P-H, Kusumi I, Lackner N, Laje G, Landen M, Lavebratt C, Leboyer M, Leckband SG, Jaramillo CAL, MacQueen G, Maj M, Manchia M, Marie-Claire C, Martinsson L, Mattheisen M, McCarthy MJ, McElroy SL, McMahon FJ, Mitchell PB, Mitjans M, Mondimore FM, Monteleone P, Nievergelt CM, Nothen MM, Novak T, Osby U, Ozaki N, Papiol S, Perlis RH, Pisanu C, Potash JB, Pfennig A, Reich-Erkelenz D, Reif A, Reininghaus EZ, Rietschel M, Rouleau GA, Rybakowski JK, Schalling M, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schulze TG, Schweizer BW, Seemuller F, Severino G, Shekhtman T, Shilling PD, Shimoda K, Simhandl C, Slaney CM, Squassina A, Stamm T, Stopkova P, Tighe SK, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Vieta E, Volkert J, Witt S, Wray NR, Wright A, Young LT, Zandi PP, Kelsoe JR. Lithium response in bipolar disorder is associated with focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt networks: a multi-omics replication study. Translational Psychiatry 2024, 14(1), 109.
  • Neal MA, Strawbridge R, Wing VC, Cousins DA, Thelwall PE. Human brain ⁷Li-MRI following low-dose lithium dietary supplementation in healthy participants. Journal of Affective Disorders 2024, 360, 139-145.
  • Cousins DA, Barnes TRE, Young AH, Delgado O, Paton C. Plus ça change? Switching lithium preparations. BJPsych Bulletin 2023, 47(2), 71-76.
  • Michael BD, Dunai C, Needham EJ, et al. Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses. Nature Communications 2023, 14, 8487.
  • Tsapekos D, Strawbridge R, Cella M, Goldsmith K, Kalfas M, Taylor RH, Swidzinski S, Marwaha S, Grey L, Newton E, Shackleton J, Harrison PJ, Browning M, Harmer C, Hartland H, Cousins D, Barton S, Wykes T, Young AH. Cognitive Remediation in Bipolar (CRiB2): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial assessing efficacy and mechanisms of cognitive remediation therapy compared to treatment as usual. BMC Psychiatry 2023, 23(1), 842.
  • Jayakody J, Gallagher P, Lloyd AJ, Cousins DA. A quantitative analysis of the Relationship between Affective state and Personality ratings in Inpatient Depression (RAPID). Psychological Medicine 2023, 53(8), 3416-3425.
  • McAllister-Williams RH, Bulmer S, Newton K, Heath K, Cousins DA, Currie A. Assessment for vagus nerve stimulation in patients with difficult-to-treat depression: a model from the Newcastle Regional Affective Disorders Service (RADS). Journal of Affective Disorders 2021, 280(Part A), 315-318.
  • Cousins DA, Squarcina L, Boumezbeur F, Young AH, Bellivier F. Lithium: past, present and future. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 51, 152-158.
  • Necus J, Sinha N, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Flowers CJ, Taylor PN, Blamire AM, Cousins DA, Wang Y. White matter microstructural properties in bipolar disorder in relationship to the spatial distribution of lithium in the brain. Journal of Affective Disorders 2019, 253, 224-231.
  • Necus J, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Flowers CJ, Sinha N, Taylor PN, Blamire AM, Wang Y, Cousins DA. Quantification of brain proton longitudinal relaxation (T₁) in lithium‐treated and lithium‐naïve patients with bipolar disorder in comparison to healthy controls. Bipolar Disorders 2019, 23(1), 41-48.
  • Scott J, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Strawbridge R, Young A, Resche-Rigon M, Etain B, Andreassen OA, Bauer M, Bennabi D, Blamire AM, Boumezbeur F, Brambilla P, Cattane N, Chupin M, Coello K, Cointepas Y, Colom F, Cousins DA, Dubertret C, Duchesnay E, Ferro A, Garcia-Estela A, Goikolea J, Grigis A, Haffen E, Høegh MC, Jakobsen P, Kalman JL, Kessing L, Klohn-Saghatolislam F, Lagerberg TV, Landén M, Lewitzka U, Lutticke A, Mazer N, Mazzelli M, Mora C, Mullet T, Mur-Mila E, Oedegaard KJ, Oltedal L, Pålsson E, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Papiol S, Perez-Sola V, Reif A, Ritter P, Rossi R, Schulze T, Senner F, Smith FE, Squarcina L, Steen NE, Thelwall PE, Varo C, Vieta E, Vinberg M, Wessa M, Westlye LT, Bellivier F. Prospective cohort study of early biosignatures of response to lithium in bipolar-I-disorders: overview of the H2020-funded R-LiNK initiative. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 2019, 7, 20.
  • Martin D, Hurlbert A, Cousins DA. Sleep Disturbance and the Change from White to Red Lighting at Night on Old Age Psychiatry Wards: A Quality Improvement Project. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2018, 32(3), 379-383.
  • Reinbold CS, Forstner AJ, Hecker J, Fullerton JM, Hoffmann P, Hou L, Heilbronner U, Degenhardt F, Adli M, Akiyama K, Akula N, Ardau R, Arias B, Backlund L, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Bhattacharjee AK, Biernacka JM, Birner A, Marie-Claire C, Cervantes P, Chen G-B, Chen H-C, Chillotti C, Clark SR, Colom F, Cousins DA, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dayer A, Etain B, Falkai P, Frisen L, Gard S, Garnham JS, Goes FS, Grof P, Gruber O, Hashimoto R, Hauser J, Herms S, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Kahn J-P, Kassem L, Kittel-Schneider S, Kliwicki S, Konig B, Kusumi I, Lackner N, Laje G, Landen M, Lavebratt C, Leboyer M, Leckband SG, Jaramillo CAL, MacQueen G, Manchia M, Martinsson L, Mattheisen M, McCarthy MJ, McElroy SL, Mitjans M, Mondimore FM, Monteleone P, Nievergelt CM, Osby U, Ozaki N, Perlis RH, Pfennig A, Reich-Erkelenz D, Rouleau GA, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schweizer BW, Seemuller F, Severino G, Shekhtman T, Shilling PD, Shimoda K, Simhandl C, Slaney CM, Smoller JW, Squassina A, Stamm TJ, Stopkova P, Tighe SK, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Volkert J, Witt SH, Wright AJ, Trevor Young L, Zandi PP, Potash JB, DePaulo JR, Bauer M, Reininghaus E, Novak T, Aubry J-M, Maj M, Baune BT, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Frye MA, Rybakowski JK, Kuo P-H, Kato T, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Reif A, Zompo MD, Bellivier F, Schalling M, Wray NR, Kelsoe JR, Alda M, McMahon FJ, Schulze TG, Rietschel M, Nothen MM, Cichon S. Analysis of the influence of microRNAs in lithium response in bipolar disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2018, 9, 207.
  • Smart C, McAllister-Williams RH, Cousins DA. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in treatment resistant psychotic depression. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 2018, 8(1), 59-61.
  • Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Necus J, Flowers CJ, Blamire AM, Cousins DA. 3D ⁷Li magnetic resonance imaging of brain lithium distribution in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 2018, 23(11), 2184-2191.
  • Hou LP, Heilbronner U, Degenhardt F, Adli M, Akiyama K, Akula N, Ardau R, Arias B, Backlund L, Banzato CEM, Benabarre A, Bengesser S, Bhattacharjee AK, Biernacka JM, Birner A, Brichant-Petitjean C, Bui ET, Cervantes P, Chen GB, Chen HC, Chillotti C, Cichon S, Clark SR, Colom F, Cousins DA, Cruceanu C, Czerski PM, Dantas CR, Dayer A, Eacute,tain B, Falkai P, Forstner AJ, Frisen L, Fullerton JM, Gard S, Garnham JS, Goes FS, Grof P, Gruber O, Hashimoto R, Hauser J, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Hofmann A, Jamain S, Jimenez E, Kahn JP, Kassem L, Kittel-Schneider S, Kliwicki S, Konig B, Kusumi I, Lackner N, Laje G, Landen M, Lavebratt C, Leboyer M, Leckband SG, Jaramillo CAL, MacQueen G, Manchia M, Martinsson L, Mattheisen M, McCarthy MJ, McElroy SL, Mitjans M, Mondimore FM, Monteleone P, Nievergelt CM, Nothen MM, Ouml,sby U, Ozaki N, Perlis RH, Pfennig A, Reich-Erkelenz D, Rouleau GA, Schofield PR, Schubert KO, Schweizer BW, Seemuller F, Severino G, Shekhtman T, Shilling PD, Shimoda K, Simhandl C, Slaney CM, Smoller JW, Squassina A, Stamm T, Stopkova P, Tighe SK, Tortorella A, Turecki G, Volkert J, Witt S, Wright A, Young LT, Zandi PP, Potash JB, DePaulo JR, Bauer M, Reininghaus EZ, Novak T, Aubry JM, Maj M, Baune BT, Mitchell PB, Vieta E, Frye MA, Rybakowski JK, Kuo PH, Kato T, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Reif A, Del Zompo M, Bellivier F, Schalling M, Wray NR, Kelsoe JR, Alda M, Rietschel M, McMahon FJ, Schulze TG. Genetic variants associated with response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder: a genome-wide association study. The Lancet 2016, 387(10023), 1085-1093.
  • Cousins DA, Aribisala B, Ferrier I, Blamire AM. Lithium, Gray Matter, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal. Biological Psychiatry 2013, 73(7), 652-657.
  • Smith FE, Cousins DA, Thelwall P, Ferrier IN, Blamire AM. Quantitative lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the normal human brain on a 3 T clinical scanner. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2011, 66(4), 945-949.
  • Cousins DA, Moore PB, Watson S, Harrison L, Ferrier IN, Young AH, Lloyd AJ. Pituitary volume and third ventricle width in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35(7), 1074-1081.
  • Kenny ER, O'Brien JT, Cousins DA, Richardson J, Thomas AJ, Firbank MJ, Blamire AM. Functional Connectivity in Late-Life Depression Using Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010, 18(7), 643-651.
  • Palaniyappan L, Cousins DA. Brain networks: Foundations and futures in bipolar disorder. Journal of Mental Health 2010, 19(2), 157-167.
  • Lloyd AJ, Moore PB, Cousins DA, Thompson JM, McAllister VL, Hughes JH, Ferrier IN, Young AH. White matter lesions in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2009, 120(6), 481-491.
  • McAllister-Williams RH, Cousins D, Lunn B. Clinical assessment and investigation in psychiatry. Medicine 2008, 36(8), 393-398.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. The armamentarium of treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 10(3), 411–431.
  • El-Badri SM, Cousins DA, Parker S, Ashton HC, McAllister VL, Ferrier IN, Moore PB. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 189, 81-82.
  • Pakrasi S, Thomas A, Mosimann UP, Cousins DA, Lett D, Burn DJ, O'Brien JT, McKeith IG. Cholinesterase inhibitors in advanced Dementia with Lewy bodies: increase or stop?. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2006, 21(8), 719-721.
  • Massey A, Cousins DA. Assessing Mental Illness. Dispensing Doctor 2006, (12), 22-23.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. Disease Management Reviews – Bipolar Disorder. Future Prescriber 2005. In Press.
  • Thomas AJ, Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Littlewood E, Newby J, Cousins D, Pakrasi S, Richardson J, Sanders J, McKeith IG. A comparison of the efficacy of donepezil in parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with lewy bodies. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005, 20(10), 938-944.
  • Cousins DA, Barrett I, Kaplan CA. Medicolegal issues in paediatric practice: Proceedings of the 4th Northern regional paediatric colloquium. Medicine, Science and the Law 2004, 44(1), 75-79.
  • Lloyd AJ, Moore PB, Cousins DA, Thompson JM, McAllister VL, Hughes JH, Ferrier IN, Young AH. [abstract] MRI hyperintensities in euthymic bipolar patients and controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2004, 110(s423), 26.
  • Firbank MJ, Colloby SJ, Burn DJ, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT. Regional cerebral blood flow in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. NeuroImage 2003, 20(2), 1309-1319.
  • Cousins DA, Burton EJ, Burn D, Gholkar A, McKeith IG, O'Brien JT. Atrophy of the putamen in dementia Lewy bodies but not Alzheimer's disease - An MRI study. Neurology 2003, 61(9), 1191-1195.
  • Moore PB, El-Badri SM, Cousins D, Shepherd DJ, Young AH, McAllister VL, Ferrier IN. White matter lesions and season of birth of patients with bipolar affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158(9), 1521-1524.

• Book Chapters

  • Singh J, Cousins DA. ECT in neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Ferrier, IN; Waite, J, ed. The ECT Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp.96-108.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. Clinical Investigations in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia – Focus on Rating Scales. In: Gray, R, ed. MIMS guide to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. London, UK: Haymarket Medical Imprint, 2005.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH, Haymarket Medical Imprint. Bipolar disorder. In: Gray, R, ed. MIMS Guide to Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia. London, UK: Haymarket Press, 2005.

• Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)

  • Little B, Cousins D, Wang Y, Gallagher P. The Effect of Core Cognitive Dysfunction on Memory in People with Mood Disorders. In: Annual Mid-Year Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2022, Barcelona, Spain: INS.
  • Little B, Anwyll M, Norsworthy L, Corbett L, Schultz-Froggatt M, Cousins D, Wang Y, Gallagher P. Processing speed and sustained attention in mood disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In: The 24th Annual Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. 2022, (virtual): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Little B, Gallagher P, Cousins D, Wang Y. Investigating brain-cognition associations in Bipolar Disorder using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). In: Organization for Human Brain Mapping Annual Meeting. 2022, Glasgow, UK: OHBM.
  • Cousins D, Smith F, Necus J, Thelwall P, Flowers C, Taylor P, Sinha N, Wang YJ, Blamire A. Imaging the distribution and effects of lithium in the brain in bipolar disorder. In: 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Chemistry. 2018, New York: Elsevier.
  • Cousins D. How 7Li-MR can help us understand the efficacy of lithium treatment. In: 20th Annual Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. 2018, Mexico City: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Cousins D. Imaging lithium in the brain in bipolar disorder. In: 18th Annual Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders. 2016, Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
  • Cousins DA, Ferrier IN, Blamire AM. Translational studies on the effects of lithium. In: Journal of Psychopharmacology: Summer Meeting of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. 2010, Harrogate, UK: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Cousins DA, Smith FE, Thelwall PE, Blamire AM. Determination of lithium concentrations in the human brain using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In: Clinician Scientists in Training. 2009, London: Royal College of Physicians.
  • O'Brien JT, Kenny ER, Cousins D, Richardson J, Thomas A, Blamire A. Using resting state fMRI to measure functional connectivity in late life depression. In: ICGP 8th Annual Scientific Meeting. 2008, Sydney, Australia.
  • Cousins DA, Harrison LL, Moore BP, McAllister V, Ferrier IN, Young AH, Lloyd AJ. Pituitary volume and third ventricle width in euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. In: Biological Psychiatry: 61st Annual Convention of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. 2006, Toronto, Canada: Elsevier Inc.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. Is the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis at last paying dividends?. In: European Foundation for Psychiatry at the Maudsley. 2004, Maudsley, London, UK: Martin Dunitz Press.

• Edited Book

  • Cousins DA, ed. MIMS Handbook of Psychiatry. UK: Haymarket Press, 2006.

• Generic

  • Cousins DA. Structural Brain Abnormalities in Young Patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder. Department of Psychiatry 1995. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle.

• Letters

  • Ferrier NI, Blamire AM, Cousins DA. Reply to: Effects of Lithium on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Might Not Preclude Increases in Brain Volume After Chronic Lithium Treatment. Biological Psychiatry 2013, 74(12), e41-e42.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. Reply to Bolonna & Kerwin regarding Partial agonists in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 86(4), 354.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. Partial agonists in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 186(4), 354.

• Notes

  • Bellivier F, Young AH, Scott J, Etain B, Cousins DA. Make lithium great again – Precisely!. Bipolar Disorders 2021, 23(2), 209-210.
  • Richardson J, Cousins D, Lunn B. Could the development of an interactive website facilitate communication between psychiatric trainees?. Psychiatric Bulletin 2006, 30(2), 75.

• Online Publications

  • Cousins DA. Emergent organic depression in association with Parkinson’s disease. 2005.
  • Cousins DA. Depression with psychosis responding promptly to electroconvulsive therapy. 2004. Available at: http://www.psychiatrysource.com.

• Reviews

  • Strawbridge R, Kerr-Gaffney J, Bessa G, Loschi G, Freitas HLO, Pires H, Cousins DA, Juruena MF, Young AH. Identifying the neuropsychiatric health effects of low-dose lithium interventions: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2023, 144, 104975.
  • Lucini-Paioni S, Squarcina L, Cousins DA, Brambilla P. Lithium effects on Hippocampus volumes in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 2021, 294, 521-526.
  • McAllister-Williams RH, Cousins D, Lunn B. Clinical assessment and investigation in psychiatry. Medicine (United Kingdom) 2016, 44(11), 630-637.
  • Cousins DA, Grunze H. Interpreting Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Bipolar Disorder. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 2012, 18(3), 201-207.
  • Cousins DA, Butts K, Young AH. The role of dopamine in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2009, 11(8), 787-806.
  • Cousins DA, Young AH. The armamentarium of treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 10(3), 411-431.