Staff Profile

Roles and Responsibilities

Chair of the Board of Studies for Biology and Marine Science Undergraduate degree programmes

Qualifications

• B. Sc.(Hons 1st Class) Uni. Wales, Bangor
• Ph. D. Newcastle University

Previous Positions

• 2005-6. Marine Biology Teaching Fellow, Newcastle University
• 2004. NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship (University of Calgary and Environment Canada)
• 2003-4. Research Associate, Newcastle University, Soil Association Scotland.

Memberships

• British Phycological Society
• International Society of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development
• International Society for Applied Phycology
• Fisheries Society of the UK

Research Interests

Google Scholar profile

My research interests and activities are broad in nature. The main research themes are described below.

Algae Biotechnology

I am active in developing algae (both micro- and macroalgae) as sources of marine biofuels and bioactive products, working on aspects of algae culture, anaerobic digestion (including the recently completed £2.8 million InnovateUK-BBSRC SeaGas project), low energy harvesting systems (notably foam flotation), functional biocomposites, and for a range of ecosystem services. I also apply algae biotechnology in rather more unconventional scenarios, for example as part of our built environment - see the Euro 3.4 million H2020 project, Living Architecture. A major focus of my current work is on algae biocomposites for CO2 capture and wastewater remediation, working in partnership with Northumbrian Water Ltd and Northumbria University.

Chemical Ecology

I have long standing interests related to plant, animal and microbial interactions which are mainly modulated by chemically driven processes, e.g. production of toxic metabolites (e.g. polyunsaturated aldehydes) and/or the production of non-toxic but otherwise biologically active compounds. I am especially interested in the role of algal-derived compounds in structuring aquatic food webs. 

Ecotoxicology and Marine Venoms

I am interested in the biological response of organisms following exposure to xenobiotics and marine venoms, particularly where multiple stressors are involved. Current work revolves around the impacts of multiple stressors on microalgae and copepods and we are partners in two Research Council of Norway funded programmes in ecotoxicology and environmental risk assessment.

Marine Microbiomes

I am currently working on characterising the microbiomes associated with hadal trench amphipods, coastal sponges, sea cucumber, seaweeds and microalgae.

Current Postgraduate Supervision

• Chineze Agatha Agbanelo (PhD) - Biocomposite systems for enhanced sustainable phycocyanin production. Co-supervised with Dr Jonathan Lee.
• Sakinah Alhaddad (PhD) - Biogeographical variation in sponge microbiomes. Co-supervised with Prof. Tony Clare.
• Sarah Alsaif (PhD) - Anti-microbial activity of metallic nanoparticles synthesised from macroalgae. Co-supervised with Prof. Grant Burgess.
• Prayoon Enmak (PhD) - Intensifying foam flotation for harvesting microalgae. Co-supervised with Prof. Adam Harvey and Dr Jon Lee.
• Iain Hope (PhD) - RuBisCo dynamics in cold adapted algae. Co-supervised with Dr Maxim Kapralov, Dr Jon Telling and Dr Dana Ofiteru.
• Chi-Yen Hsieh (PhD) - Bioremediation of malachite green in aquaculture. Co-supervised with Dr Isabel Smallegange.
• Alex Johnson (MPhil) - Low cost sensors for algae photobioreactors. Co-supervised with Dr Otti Croze.
• Robin Kaur (MPhil) - Ecotoxicological assessment using Arctic and cold adapted microalgae. Co-supervised with Dr Maxim Kapralov and Dr Adam Jarvis. 
• Phoebe Lewis (MPhil) - Making sustainable paints from seaweeds. Co-supervised with Dr Jon Lee.
• Darcy Macdonald (MPhil) - Drivers of venom gene transcription in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Co-supervised with Dr Jem Stach.
• Matthew Pickersgill (PhD) - Microalgae and wastewater treatment: an industrial case study. Co-supervised with Dr Jon Lee.
• Jess Sennett-Seale (MPhil) - Carbon uptake in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Co-supervised with Dr Will Reid.
• Assia Crawford (PhD) - Living Building Practice - Designing for a Post-Anthropocene Era. Co-supervised with Prof. Rachel Armstrong and Dr Ben Bridgens. [Pending corrections]

Completed PhDs: Dr Rebecca Taylor 2007 [The role of diatom aldehydes in the benthos: grazing defence or diatom signal molecule?]; Dr Hannah Dunston 2008 [Impacts of algal biotoxins on the freshwater survival of Atlantic salmon]; Dr Helen Pagett 2012 [Characterising glycans involved in barnacle gregariousness]; Dr Susan Fitzer 2012 [Multigenerational effects of CO₂-induced ocean acidification on the copepod Tisbe battagliai]; Dr Thea Coward 2012 [Foam fractionation: an effective technology for harvesting microalgae biomass]; Dr Hilary Redden 2012 [Seasonal aspects relating to the potential use of macroalgae as biofuel]; Dr Alessandra Gallina 2012 [The role of polyunsaturated aldehydes in the life and biology of the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi in culture and in situ]; Dr Supanut Pairohakul 2013 [Evidence for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in the ragworm (Nereis virens) and the lugworm (Arenicola marina)]; Dr Helen Graham 2014 [Determining the impacts of ocean acidification on reproductive and developmental fitness of marine invertebrates]; Dr Alanoud Rawdhan 2015 [Ultrastructural studies of micro-algae in infochemical manipulated mass culture]; Dr Guang Gao 2016 [Developing systems for the commercial culture of Ulva species in the UK]; Dr Norlaila Mohd Zanuri 2016 [The effects of environmental contaminants and ocean acidification on reproductive success in marine invertebrates]; Dr Chelsea Brain 2017 [Bioprocessing in microalgae]; Dr Georgina Robinson 2017 [Microbial-deposit feeder aquaculture bioremediation systems]; Dr Rebecca Martin 2017 [The adhesion of the barnacle Elminius modestus (Darwin) to fouling-release coatings]; Dr Adibi Rahiman Md. Nor 2018 [The effect of seaweed aquaculture cooperatives on sustainable livelihoods in Malaysia]; Dr Sana Akram Butt 2018 [Toxicity of engineered nanoparticles to marine bivalve molluscs]; Dr Muayad Al-karawi 2018 [Development and intensification of a foam flotation system in harvesting microalgae for biofuel]; Dr Abbas Umar 2019 [The screening, fabrication and production of microalgae biocomposites for carbon capture and utilisation]; Dr Leila Zhang 2019 [Renewable energy-assessment of pretreatment and co-digestion strategies to optimize methane production from microalgae]; Dr Salihu Musa 2021 [Process intensification of biodiesel production from algae using foam flotation column]; Dr Pichaya In-na 2021 [Living microalgae-textile and cyanobacteria-loofah biocomposites for intensified carbon capture, utilisation and storage]; Dr Johanna Weston 2021 [Diversity and biodiversity of hadal Amphipoda]; Dr Chloe Eastabrook 2023 [Applying an integrated ecotoxicological approach to assess stress from exposure to trace metals and UVB radiation]

Completed MPhils: Josh Raine 2017 [Responses of the diatom, Navicula incerta, to intra-specific signals and nutrient availability]; Emily O'Hara 2018 [Exploring temperature sensitivity of nematocysts and the expression of toxin genes in the sea anemone Actinia equina, with preliminary analysis of the specificity of intracapsular fluid/venom composition]; Lucy Gorman 2018 [Assessment of the bioactivity of venom from the lesser weever (Echiichthys vipera) in alternative animal models]; Ilaria Spiga 2018 [Effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish and invertebrates]; Paul Whitworth 2019 [Microbial ecology of seaweed-fed anaerobic digesters]; Leah Brown 2020 [The biogeography of gut microbiomes associated with hadal amphipods from the Mariana, Izu-Bonin and Kermadec trenches]; Rachel Hart 2021 [Cyanobacteria biocomposites for in situ treatment of domestic wastewater]; Matthew Walker 2022 [Identification, characterisation and application of novel microalgae, immobilised in optimised biocomposites, for the purpose of bioremediating industrial wastewater]; Ellie Ould 2023 [Growth, detrital production and breakdown of the brown algae, Laminaria digitata, in northeast England, UK]

Esteem Indicators

Associate Editor for Invertebrate Reproduction and Development.

Editorial Board for Phycology

Undergraduate Teaching

• NES1504 Academic and Professional Skills for the Biosciences
• NES1505 Marine Practical Skills I
• NES1506 Marine Microbiology and Primary Producers
• NES2502 Applied Marine Biology (Module Leader)
• NES2504 Academic and Employability Skills
• NES2505 Marine Practical Skills II
• NES3309 Current Research in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
• NES3503 Advanced Marine Research Topics 3 (Marine Poisons, Venoms and Toxins)
• NES3505 Research Project 

• Articles

  • Eastabrook CL, Song Y, Xie L, Caldwell GS, Tollefsen KE. Toxicity pathways of UVB radiation-induced effects on the marine copepod Tisbe battagliai. 2022. Submitted.
  • In-na P, Byrne F, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. Techno-economic analysis of living biocomposites for carbon capture from breweries. Algal Research 2022, 66, 102781.
  • In-Na P, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. Living textile biocomposites deliver enhanced carbon dioxide capture. Journal of Industrial Textiles 2022, 51(4_suppl), 5683S-5707S.
  • In-na P, Sharp E, Caldwell GS, Unthank M, Perry J, Lee JGM. Engineered living photosynthetic biocomposites for intensified biological carbon capture. Scientific Reports 2022, 12, 18735.
  • Crawford A, In-na P, Caldwell G, Armstrong R, Bridgens B. Clay 3D printing as a bio-design research tool: development of photosynthetic living building components. Architectural Science Review 2022, 65(3), 185-195.
  • Pairohakul S, Olive PJW, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. Trophic upgrading of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by polychaetes: a stable isotope approach using Alitta virens. Marine Biology 2021, 168(5), 67.
  • Hart R, In-na P, Kapralov MV, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. Textile-based cyanobacteria biocomposites for potential environmental remediation applications. Journal of Applied Phycology 2021, 33, 1525-1540.
  • Stefanova A, In-na P, Caldwell GS, Bridgens B, Armstrong R. Photosynthetic textile biocomposites: using laboratory testing and digital fabrication to develop flexible living building materials. Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 2021, 28(1), 223-236.
  • Gorman LM, Judge SJ, Harris JB, Caldwell GS. Lesser weever fish (Echiichthys vipera Cuvier, 1829) venom is cardiotoxic but not haemorrhagic. Toxicon 2021, 194, 63-69.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. Corrigendum to "Continuous foam flotation harvesting with enhanced drainage: Overcoming the recovery-enrichment paradox". Algal Research 2021, 61, 102558.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. Continuous foam flotation harvesting with enhanced drainage: overcoming the recovery-enrichment paradox. Algal Research 2021, 54, 102203.
  • In-na P, Umar AA, Wallace AD, Flickinger MC, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. Loofah-based microalgae and cyanobacteria biocomposites for intensifying carbon dioxide capture. Journal of CO2 Utilization 2020, 42, 101348.
  • Song Y, Xie L, Lee YK, Brede DA, Lyne F, Kassaye Y, Thaulow J, Caldwell G, Salbu B, Tollefsen KE. Integrative assessment of low-dose gamma radiation effects on Daphnia magna reproduction: Toxicity pathway assembly and AOP development. Science of the Total Environment 2020, 705, 135912.
  • Eastabrook CL, Whitworth P, Robinson G, Caldwell GS. Diatom-derived polyunsaturated aldehydes are unlikely to influence the microbiota composition of laboratory-cultured diatoms. Life 2020, 10(3), 29.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Blythe PT, Zealand AM, Li S, Edwards S, Xing J, Goodman P, Whitworth P, Sallis PJ. Co-digestion of microalgae with potato processing waste and glycerol: Effect of glycerol addition on methane production and the microbial community. RSC Advances 2020, 10(61), 37391-37408.
  • Stefanova A, Bridgens B, In-na P, Caldwell GS, Armstrong R. Architectural laboratory practice for the development of clay and ceramic-based photosynthetic biocomposites. Technology | Architecture + Design 2020, 4(2), 200-210.
  • Nor AM, Gray TS, Caldwell GS, Stead SM. A value-chain analysis of Malaysia's seaweed industry. Journal of Applied Phycology 2020, 32, 2161-2171.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Sallis PJ. Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of marine microalgae with potato processing waste for methane production. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2019, 7(1), 102917.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Sallis PJ. Renewable energy - evaluation of low energy demand pre-treatments to optimise methane production from microalgae. IET Renewable Power Generation 2019, 13(10), 1701-1710.
  • Zhang Y, Caldwell GS, Zealand AM, Sallis PJ. Anaerobic co-digestion of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and potato processing waste: Effect of mixing ratio, waste type and substrate to inoculum ratio. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2019, 143, 91-100.
  • Ekins-Coward T, Boodhoo K, Velasquez-Orta S, Caldwell G, Wallace A, Barton R, Flickinger MC. A microalgae biocomposite integrated Spinning Disc Bioreactor (SDBR): Towards a scalable engineering approach for bioprocess intensification in light-driven CO2 absorption applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2019, 58(15), 5936-5949.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Stead SM. The effect of resource quality on the growth of Holothuria scabra during aquaculture waste bioremediation. Aquaculture 2018, 499, 101-108.
  • Umar A, Caldwell GS, Lee JM. Foam flotation can remove and eradicate ciliates contaminating algae culture systems. Algal Research 2018, 29, 337–342.
  • O'Hara EP, Caldwell GS, Bythell J. Equistatin and equinatoxin gene expression is influenced by environmental temperature in the sea anemone Actinia equina. Toxicon 2018, 153, 12-16.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Chatzidimitriou E, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Effects of ocean warming and acidification, combined with nutrient enrichment, on chemical composition and functional properties of Ulva rigida. Food Chemistry 2018, 258, 71-78.
  • Alkarawi MAS, Caldwell GS, Lee JGM. Continuous harvesting of microalgae biomass using foam flotation. Algal Research 2018, 36, 125-138.
  • Robinson G, MacTavish T, Savage C, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Probyn T, Eyre BD, Stead SM. Carbon amendment stimulates benthic nitrogen cycling during the bioremediation of particulate aquaculture waste. Biogeosciences 2018, 15(6), 1863–1878.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell G. Ulva rigida in the future ocean: potential for carbon capture, bioremediation, and biomethane production. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 2018, 10(1), 39-51.
  • Brown LR, Caldwell GS. Tissue and spine regeneration in the temperate sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2017, 61(2), 90-96.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Reproductive sterility increases the capacity to exploit the green seaweed Ulva rigida for commercial applications. Algal Research 2017, 24(Part A), 64-71.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Non-cryogenic preservation of thalli, germlings, and gametes of the green seaweed Ulva rigida. Aquaculture 2017, 473, 246-250.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of reproduction in the green tide-forming alga, Ulva rigida. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2017, 139, 14–22.
  • Gao G, Clare AS, Rose C, Caldwell GS. Eutrophication and warming-driven green tides (Ulva rigida) are predicted to increase under future climate change scenarios. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 114(1), 439-447.
  • Zanuri NM, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. Assessing the impact of diclofenac, ibuprofen and sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) on the fertilisation biology of broadcast spawning marine invertebrates. Marine Environmental Research 2017, 127, 126-136.
  • Spiga I, Aldred N, Caldwell GS. Anthropogenic noise compromises the anti-predator behaviour of the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017, 122(1-2), 297-305.
  • Graham H, Rastrick SPS, Findlay HS, Bentley MG, Widdicombe S, Clare AS, Caldwell G. Sperm motility and fertilisation success in an acidified and hypoxic environment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2016, 73(3), 783-790.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Wade MJ, Free A, Jones CLW, Stead SM. Profiling bacterial communities associated with sediment-based aquaculture bioremediation systems under contrasting redox regimes. Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 38850.
  • Emami K, Nelson A, Hack E, Zhang JW, Green DH, Caldwell GS, Mesbahi E. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Discriminates Known Species and Marine Environmental Isolates of Pseudoalteromonas. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016, 7, 104.
  • Nor AM, Gray TS, Caldwell GS, Stead SM. Is a cooperative approach to seaweed farming effectual? An analysis of the Seaweed Cluster Project (SCP), Malaysia. Journal of Applied Phycology 2016, 29(5), 2323–2337.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. The effect of bubble size on the efficiency and economics of harvesting microalgae by foam flotation. Journal of Applied Phycology 2015, 27(2), 733-742.
  • Robinson G, Caldwell GS, Jones CLW, Slater MJ, Stead SM. Redox stratification drives enhanced growth in a commercially important deposit-feeding invertebrate: implications for aquaculture bioremediation technologies. Aquaculture Environment Interactions 2015, 8, 1-13.
  • Emami K, Hack E, Nelson A, Brain CM, Lyne FM, Mesbahi E, Day JG, Caldwell GS. Proteomic-based biotyping reveals hidden diversity within a microalgae culture collection: An example using Dunaliella. Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 10036.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. Harvesting microalgae by CTAB-aided foam flotation increases lipid recovery and improves fatty acid methyl ester characteristics. Biomass and Bioenergy 2014, 67, 354-362.
  • Hinks J, Edwards S, Sallis PJ, Caldwell GS. The steady state anaerobic digestion of Laminaria hyperborea – Effect of hydraulic residence on biogas production and bacterial community composition. Bioresource Technology 2013, 143, 221-230.
  • Fitzer SC, Caldwell GS, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. Response of copepods to elevated pCO₂ and environmental copper as co-stressors – a multigenerational study. PLoS One 2013, 8(8), e71257.
  • Gabilondo R, Graham H, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. Laboratory culture and evaluation of the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus for biofouling studies. Biofouling 2013, 29(7), 869-878.
  • Coward T, Lee JGM, Caldwell GS. Development of a foam flotation system for harvesting microalgae biomass. Algal Research 2013, 2(2), 135-144.
  • Fitzer SC, Bishop JDD, Caldwell GS, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. Visualisation of the copepod female reproductive system using confocal laser scanning microscopy and two-photon microscopy. Journal of Crustacean Biology 2012, 32(5), 685-692.
  • Taylor RL, Rand JD, Caldwell GS. Treatment with Algae Extracts Promotes Flocculation, and Enhances Growth and Neutral Lipid Content in Nannochloropsis oculata—a Candidate for Biofuel Production. Marine Biotechnology 2012, 14(6), 774-781.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. The harpacticoid copepod Tisbe holothuriae is resistant to the insidious effects of polyunsaturated aldehyde-producing diatoms. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2012, 413, 30-37.
  • Pagett HE, Abrahams JL, Bones J, O'Donoghue N, Marles-Wright J, Lewis RJ, Harris JR, Caldwell GS, Rudd PM, Clare AS. Structural characterisation of the N-glycan moiety of the barnacle settlement-inducing protein complex (SIPC). Journal of Experimental Biology 2012, 215(7), 1192-1198.
  • Wright S, Caldwell GS, Clare AS. Sperm activation in acorn barnacles by elevation of seawater pH. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2012, 56(1), 79-85.
  • Fitzer S, Caldwell GS, Close AJ, Clare AS, Upstill-Goddard RC, Bentley MG. Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2012, 418-419, 30-36.
  • Ianora A, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS, Casotti R, Cembella AD, Engstrom-Ost J, Halsband C, Sonnenschein E, Legrande C, Llewellyn CA, Paldaviciene A, Pilkaityte R, Pohnert G, Razinkovas A, Romana G, Tilman U, Vaiciute R. The relevance of marine chemical ecology to plankton and ecosystem function: an emerging field. Marine Drugs 2011, 9(9), 1625-1648.
  • Caldwell GS, Fitzer S, Gillespie CS, Pickavance G, Turnbull E, Bentley MG. Ocean acidification takes sperm back in time. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2011, 55(4), 217-221.
  • Caldwell GS, Lewis C, Pickavance G, Taylor RL, Bentley MG. Exposure to copper and a cytotoxic polyunsaturated aldehyde induces reproductive failure in the marine polychaete Nereis virens (Sars). Aquatic Toxicology 2011, 104(1-2), 126-134.
  • Simon CA, Bentley MG, Caldwell GS. 2,4-Decadienal: Exploring a novel approach for the control of polychaete pests on cultured abalone. Aquaculture 2010, 310(1-2), 52-60.
  • Smith THE, Caldwell GS. Computational assessment of the fluid flow around coasting mature male blue sharks, Prionace glauca (L.). Journal of Marine Biology 2009, 2009, Article ID 861590.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Dunstan HJ, Bentley MG. Short-term impacts of polyunsaturated aldehyde-producing diatoms on the harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe holothuriae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2007, 341(1), 60-69.
  • Taylor RL, Caldwell GS, Bentley MG. Toxicity of algal-derived aldehydes to two invertebrate species: Do heavy metal pollutants have a synergistic effect?. Aquatic Toxicology 2005, 74(1), 20-31.
  • Caldwell GS, Lewis C, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. Exposure to 2,4-decadienal negatively impacts upon marine invertebrate larval fitness. Marine Environmental Research 2005, 59(5), 405-417.
  • Paffenhofer GA, Ianora A, Miralto A, Turner JT, Kleppel GS, Ribera D'Alcala M, Casotti R, Caldwell GS, Pohnert G, Fontana A, Muller-Navarra D, Jonasdottir S, Armbrust V, Bamstedt U, Ban S, Bentley MG, Boersma M, Bundy M, Buttino I, Calbet A, Carlotti F, Carotenuto Y, D'Ippolito G, Frost B, Guisande C, Lampert W, Lee RF, Mazza S, Mazzocchi MG, Nejstgaard JC, Poulet SA, Romano G, Smetacek V, Uye S, Wakeham S, Watson S, Wichard T. Colloquium on diatom-copepod interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2005, 286, 293-305.
  • Caldwell GS, Watson SB, Bentley MG. How to assess toxin ingestion and post-ingestion partitioning in zooplankton?. Journal of Plankton Research 2004, 26(12), 1369-1377.
  • Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. First evidence of sperm motility inhibition by the diatom-derived aldehyde 2E,4E–decadienal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2004, 273, 97-108.
  • Lewis C, Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. Effects of a bioactive diatom-derived aldehyde on developmental stability in Nereis virens (Sars) larvae: An analysis using fluctuating asymmetry. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2004, 304(1), 1-16.
  • Caldwell GS, Bentley MG, Olive PJW. The use of a brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay to assess the toxicity of diatom extracts and short chain aldehydes. Toxicon 2003, 42(3), 301-306.
  • Caldwell GS, Olive PJW, Bentley MG. Inhibition of embryonic development and fertilization in broadcast spawning marine invertebrates by water soluble diatom extracts and the diatom toxin 2-trans,4-trans decadienal. Aquatic Toxicology 2002, 60(1-2), 123-137.

• Book Chapters

  • Crawford A, Humanes A, Caldwell G, Guest J, van der Steeg E. Architecture for coral restoration: Using clay-based digital fabrication to overcome bottlenecks to coral larval propagation. In: Hvejsel MF; Cruz PJS, ed. Structures and Architecture: A Viable Urban Perspective?. London: CRC Press, 2022, pp.458-466.
  • Armstrong R, Ferracina S, Caldwell G, Ieropoulos I, Rimbu G, Adamatzky A, Phillips N, De Lucrezia D, Imhof B, Hanczyc MM, Nogales J, Garcia J. Living Architecture (LIAR): Metabolically engineered building units. In: Heisel, F; Hebel, D, ed. Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialized Natural Resources for Architecture and Construction. Berlin, Germany: Birkhauser, 2017, pp.170-177.
  • Watson SB, Caldwell G, Pohnert G. Fatty acids and oxylipins as semiochemicals. In: Arts, M.T., Brett, M.T., Kainz, M.J, ed. Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009, pp.65-92.

• Conference Proceedings (inc. Abstracts)

  • Spiga I, Caldwell GS, Bruintjes R. Influence of Pile Driving on the Clearance Rate of the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.). In: Fourth International Conference on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. 2016, Dublin, Ireland: Acoustical Society of America.
  • Tsaousis P, Wang Y, Roskilly AP, Caldwell GS. Algae to energy: Engine performance using raw algal oil. In: 6th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2014. 2014, Taipei City, Taiwan: Elsevier.

• Patent

  • Brain CM, Caldwell GS. Method for the synthesis of phycocyanin. US20180155401. PCT/GB2015/050183, 27/01/2015.

• Reviews

  • Ould E, Caldwell GS. The potential of seaweed for carbon capture. CABI Reviews 2022, 17(009).
  • Caldwell GS, In-na P, Hart R, Sharp E, Stefanova A, Pickersgill M, Walker M, Perry J, Lee JGM. Immobilising microalgae and cyanobacteria as biocomposites: New opportunities to intensify algae biotechnology and bioprocessing. Energies 2021, 14(9), 2566.
  • Gorman LM, Judge SJ, Fezai M, Jemaa M, Harris JB, Caldwell GS. The venoms of the lesser (Echiichthys vipera) and greater weeverfish (Trachinus draco) - a review. Toxicon: X 2020, 6, 100025.
  • Caldwell GS, Pagett HE. Marine Glycobiology: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Marine Biotechnology 2010, 12(3), 241-252.
  • Caldwell GS. The Influence of Bioactive Oxylipins from Marine Diatoms on Invertebrate Reproduction and Development. Marine Drugs 2009, 7(3), 367-400.