Staff Profile

1995 BSc (Immunology), University of Glasgow

1998 MB ChB, University of Glasgow

2002 MRCP

2004 Clinical Research Fellow, Newcastle University

2007 PhD, Newcastle University

2007 Post-doctoral research fellow, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA

2008 Kidney Research UK clinical training fellow, Edinburgh University

2008 Clinical Lecturer in Renal Medicine, Newcastle University

2009 Raine Award- Renal Association Young Investigator Award

2011 Wellcome Intermediate Research Fellow

2011 Honorary Consultant Nephrologist - Freeman Hospital

2015 Academic Founder Gyroscope Therapeutics

2016 Professor of Complement Therapeutics- National Renal Complement Therapeutics centre

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David Kavanagh is the Professor of Complement Therapeutics at the NRCTC. He is the clinical lead for the adult aHUS service and head of aHUS diagnostics service. His University research group investigates the role of complement in renal and retinal diseases and is fully integrated with the NRCTC to provide rapid translational benefits to patients.

He moved to Newcastle to start his own lab in 2008 with a Wellcome Trust Fellowship following a Kidney Research UK Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh. He was previously a Fellow at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. He graduated in Medicine and Immunology from the University of Glasgow in 1998 and obtained his PhD from Newcastle University in 2006. For his work defining the role of complement in aHUS, he was awarded the Renal Association’s Young Investigator (Raine) award.

Renal Complement Group

Dr Vicky Brocklebank MRC Clinical Research Fellow

Dr Kate Smith-Jackson MRC Clinical Research Fellow

Dr Patrick Walsh

Tom Cox

Tom Hallam

Orla Mcmahon

Patient Outreach

National Kidney Federation Roadshow 2011 Blackpool- click here to listen

KRUK Legacy meeting york 2012

aHUSUK AGM Solihull 2012 

• Articles

  • Wong K, Pitcher D, Braddon F, Downward L, Steenkamp R, Annear N, Barratt J, Bingham C, Chrysochou C, Coward RJ, Game D, Griffin S, Hall M, Johnson S, Kanigicherla D, Karet Frankl F, Kavanagh D, Kerecuk L, Maher ER, Moochhala S, Pinney J, Sayer JA, Simms R, Sinha S, Srivastava S, Tam FWK, Turner AN, Walsh SB, Waters A, Wilson P, Wong E, Taylor CM, Nitsch D, Saleem M, Bockenhauer D, Bramham K, Gale DP, Abat S, Adalat S, Agbonmwandolor J, Ahmad Z, Alejmi A, Almasarwah R, Asgari E, Ayers A, Baharani J, Balasubramaniam G, Kpodo F, Bansal T, Barratt A, Bates M, Bayne N, Bendle J, Benyon S, Bergmann C, Bhandari S, Boddana P, Bond S, Branson A, Brearey S, Brocklebank V, Budwal S, Byrne C, Cairns H, Camilleri B, Campbell G, Capell A, Carmody M, Carson M, Cathcart T, Catley C, Cesar K, Chan M, Chea H, Chess J, Cheung CK, Chick K-J, Chitalia N, Christian M, Chrysochou T, Clark K, Clayton C, Clissold R, Cockerill H, Coelho J, Colby E, Colclough V, Conway E, Cook HT, Cook W, Cooper T, Crosbie S, Cserep G, Date A, Davidson K, Davies A, Dhaun N, Dhaygude A, Diskin L, Dixit A, Doctolero E, Dorey S, Downard L, Drayson M, Dreyer G, Dutt T, Etuk K, Evans D, Finch J, Flinter F, Fotheringham J, Francis L, Gallagher H, Garcia E, Gavrila M, Gear S, Geddes C, Gilchrist M, Gittus M, Goggolidou P, Goldsmith C, Gooden P, Goodlife A, Goodwin P, Grammatikopoulos T, Gray B, Griffith M, Gumus S, Gupta S, Hamilton P, Harper L, Harris T, Haskell L, Hayward S, Hegde S, Hendry B, Hewins S, Hewitson N, Hillman K, Hiremath M, Howson A, Htet Z, Huish S, Hull R, Humphries A, Hunt DPJ, Hunter K, Hunter S, Ijeomah-Orji M, Inston N, Jayne D, Jenfa G, Jenkins A, Jones CA, Jones C, Jones A, Jones R, Kamesh L, Karim M, Kaur A, Kearley K, Khwaja A, King G, King G, Kislowska E, Klata E, Kokocinska M, Lambie M, Lawless L, Ledson T, Lennon R, Levine AP, Lai LWM, Lipkin G, Lovitt G, Lyons P, Mabillard H, Mackintosh K, Mahdi K, Maher E, Marchbank KJ, Mark PB, Masoud S, Masunda B, Mavani Z, Mayfair J, McAdoo S, Mckinnell J, Melhem N, Meyrick S, Morgan P, Morgan A, Muhammad F, Murray S, Novobritskaya K, Ong AC, Oni L, Osmaston K, Padmanabhan N, Parkes S, Patrick J, Pattison J, Paul R, Percival R, Perkins SJ, Persu A, Petchey WG, Pickering MC, Pinney J, Plumb L, Plummer Z, Popoola J, Post F, Power A, Pratt G, Pusey C, Rabara R, Rabuya M, Raju T, Javier C, Roberts ISD, Roufosse C, Rumjon A, Salama A, Sandford R, Sandu KS, Sarween N, Sebire N, Selvaskandan H, Sharma A, Sharples EJ, Sheerin N, Shetty H, Shroff R, Sinha M, Smith K, Smith L, Stott I, Stroud K, Swift P, Szklarzewicz J, Tam F, Tan K, Taylor R, Tischkowitz M, Thomas K, Tse Y, Turnbull A, Turner AN, Tyerman K, Usher M, Venkat-Raman G, Walker A, Watt A, Webster P, Wechalekar A, Welsh GI, West N, Wheeler D, Wiles K, Willcocks L, Williams A, Williams E, Williams K, Wilson DH, Wilson PD, Winyard P, Wood G, Woodward E, Woodward L, Woolf A, Wright D. Effects of rare kidney diseases on kidney failure: a longitudinal analysis of the UK National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases (RaDaR) cohort. The Lancet 2024, 403(10433), 1279-1289.
  • Wong E, Nester C, Cavero T, Karras A, Le Quintrec M, Lightstone L, Eisenberger U, Soler MJ, Kavanagh D, Daina E, Praga M, Medjeral-Thomas NR, Gackler A, Garcia-Carro C, Biondani A, Chaperon F, Kulmatycki K, Milojevic J, Webb NJA, Nidamarthy PK, Junge G, Remuzzi G. Efficacy and Safety of Iptacopan in Patients With C3 Glomerulopathy. Kidney International Reports 2023, 8(12), 2754-2764.
  • Hallam T, Sharp S, Andreadi A, Kavanagh D. Complement Factor I: regulatory nexus, driver of immunopathology, and therapeutic. Immunobiology 2023, 228(5), 152410.
  • Brocklebank V, Walsh PR, Smith-Jackson K, Hallam TM, Marchbank KJ, Wilson V, Bigirumurame T, Dutt T, Montgomery EK, Malina M, Wong EKS, Johnson S, Sheerin NS, Kavanagh D. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in the era of terminal complement inhibition- An observational cohort study. Blood 2023, 142(16), 1371-1386.
  • Glover EK, Smith-Jackson K, Brocklebank V, Wilson V, Walsh PR, Montgomery EK, Wong EKS, Johnson S, Malina M, Kavanagh D, Sheerin NS, Ahmed A, Ashby D, Awan A, Baker R, Bhandari S, Bingham C, Bommayya G, Border D, Breen C, Brown H, Brown A, Carmichael P, Chowdhury P, Curran S, Donne R, Dudley C, Dutt T, Eardley K, Eblamo-Abad E, Gale D, Griffin S, Harty J, Hewins P, Holt R, Ingham V, Kilbride H, Kingdon E, Lewis R, Mansfield N, Marks SD, Mason P, Mead P, Morton M, Muniraju T, Nagaraja P, Padmanabhan N, Plant N, Raftery T, Rowe P, Salama A, Shenbagaraman P, Taylor A, Tomlinson K, Torpey N, Uniacke M, Walbaum D, Webb M, Williams M, Woodman A, Shah S, Saif I. Assessing the Impact of Prophylactic Eculizumab on Renal Graft Survival in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Transplantation 2023, 107(4), 994-1003.
  • Henderson S, Ardill R, Reynolds B, Kavanagh D. Use of a B-cell depleting regimen for antifactor H autoantibody-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a paediatric patient. BMJ Case Reports 2022, 15, e246281.
  • Dunn S, Brocklebank V, Bryant A, Carnell S, Chadwick TJ, Johnson S, Kavannagh D, Lecouturier J, Malina M, Moloney E, Oluboyede Y, Weetman C, Wong EKS, Woodward L, Sheerin NS. Saftey and impact of eculizumab withdrawal in patients with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: protocol for a multicentre, open-label, prospective, single-arm study. BMJ Open 2022, 12(9), e054536.
  • Nikolaos N, Kavanagh D, Cordell HJ, Lotery AJ, Patel PJ, Steel DH. Rare complement factor I variants associated with reduced macular thickness and age-related macular degeneration in the UK Biobank. Human Molecular Genetics 2022, 31(16), 2678-2692.
  • Tschernoster N, Erger F, Walsh P, Mhaille B, Kavanagh D, Fistrek M, Habbig S, Kukat C, Schumacher L, Folz K, Tolia MR, Becker C, Thiele H, Nuernberg P, Beck B, Altmüller J. None Fits All: Unraveling Structural Rearrangements of the CFH Gene Cluster in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Patients Using Molecular Combing and Long-Fragment Targeted Sequencing. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics 2022, 24(6), 619-631.
  • Jones AV, MacGregor S, Han X, Francis J, Harris C, Kavanagh D, Lotery A, Waheed N. Evaluating a causal relationship between Complement Factor I protein level and advanced age-related macular degeneration using Mendelian Randomisation. Ophthalmology Science 2022, 2(2), 100146.
  • Thompson GL, Kavanagh D. Diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 2022, 44(S1), 101-113.
  • Schmidt CQ, Schrezenmeier H, Kavanagh D. Complement and the prothrombotic state. Blood 2022, 139(13), 1954-1972.
  • Bomback AS, Kavanagh D, Vivarelli M, Meier M, Wang Y, Webb NJA, Trapani AJ, Smith RJH. Alternative Complement Pathway Inhibition With Iptacopan for the Treatment of C3 Glomerulopathy-Study Design of the APPEAR-C3G Trial. Kidney International Reports 2022, 7(10), 2150-2159.
  • Hallam TM, Cox TE, Smith-Jackson K, Brocklebank V, Baral AJ, Tzoumas N, Steel DH, Wong EKS, Shuttleworth VG, Lotery AJ, Harris CL, Marchbank KJ, Kavanagh D. A novel method for real-time analysis of the complement C3b:FH:FI complex reveals dominant negative CFI variants in Age-related Macular Degeneration. Frontiers in Immunology 2022, 13, 1028760.
  • McMahon O, Hallam TM, Patel S, Harris CL, Menny A, Zelek WM, Widjajahakim R, Java A, Tzoumas N, Steel DHW, Shuttleworth VG, Smith-Jackson K, Brocklebank V, Griffiths H, Cree AJ, Atkinson JP, Lotery AJ, Bubeck D, Morgan BP, Marchbank KJ, Seddon JM, Kavanagh D. The Rare C9 P167S Risk Variant for Age-related Macular Degeneration Increases Polymerization of the Terminal Component of the Complement Cascade. Human Molecular Genetics 2021, 30(13), 1188-1199.
  • Tzoumas N, Hallam D, Harris CL, Lako M, Kavanagh D, Steel DHW. Revisiting the role of factor H in age-related macular degeneration: Insights from complement-mediated renal disease and rare genetic variants. Survey of Ophthalmology 2021, 66(2), 378-401.
  • Khan AH, Sutton J, Cree AJ, Khandhadia S, DeSalvo G, Tobin J, Prakash P, Arora R, Amoaku W, CharbelIssa P, MacLaren RE, Bishop PN, Peto T, Mohamed Q, Steel DH, Sivaprasad S, Bailey C, Menon G, Kavanagh D, Lotery AJ. Prevalence and phenotype associations of complement factor I mutations in geographic atrophy. Human Mutation 2021, 42(9), 1139-1152.
  • Barbour T, Scully M, Ariceta G, Cataland S, Garlo K, Heyne N, Luque Y, Menne J, Miyakawa Y, Yoon SS, Kavanagh D. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of the Long-Acting Complement C5 Inhibitor Ravulizumab for the Treatment of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Adults. Kidney International Reports 2021, 6(6), 1603-1613.
  • Pugh D, O'Sullivan ED, Duthie FA, Masson P, Kavanagh D. Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021.
  • Kamala O, Malik TH, Hallam TM, Cox TE, Yang Y, Vyas F, Luli S, Connelly C, Gibson B, Smith-Jackson K, Denton H, Pappworth IY, Huang L, Kavanagh D, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. Homodimeric Minimal Factor H: In Vivo Tracking and Extended Dosing Studies in Factor H Deficient Mice. Frontiers in Immunology 2021, 12, 752916.
  • Wong EKS, Hallam T, Brocklebank V, Walsh P, Smith-Jackson K, Shuttleworth V, Cox T, Anderson H, Barlow PN, Marchbank KJ, Harris C, Kavanagh D. Functional characterisation of rare genetic variants in the N-terminus of complement factor H in aHUS, C3G and AMD. Frontiers in immunology 2021, 11, 602284.
  • Wong E, Marchbank K, Lomax-Browne H, Pappworth I, Denton H, Cooke K, Ward S, McLoughlin AC, Richardson G, Wilson V, Harris C, Morgan BP, Hakobyan S, McAlinden P, Gale D, Maxwell H, Christian M, Malcomson R, Goodship T, Marks S, Pickering M, Kavanagh D, Cook H, Johnson S. C3 Glomerulopathy and Related Disorders in Children. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2021, 16(11), 1639-1651.
  • Rondeau E, Scully M, Ariceta G, Barbour T, Cataland S, Heyne N, Miyakawa Y, Ortiz S, Swenson E, Vallee M, Yoon S, Kavanagh D, Haller H. The long-acting C5 inhibitor, Ravulizumab, is effective and safe in adult patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome naïve to complement inhibitor treatment. Kidney International 2020, 97(6), 1287-1296.
  • Hallam TM, Marchbank KJ, Harris CL, Osmond C, Shuttleworth VG, Griffiths H, Cree AJ, Kavanagh D, Lotery AJ. Rare Genetic Variants in Complement Factor I Lead to Low FI Plasma Levels Resulting in Increased Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. IOVS 2020, 61(6), 18.
  • Ugrinovic S, Firth H, Kavanagh D, Gouliouris T, Gurugama P, Baxendale H, Lachmann PJ, Kumararatne D, Gkrania-Klotsas E. Primary pneumococcal peritonitis can be the first presentation of a familial complement factor I deficiency. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2020, 202(3), 379-383.
  • Elfeky R, Lucchini G, Lum SH, Ottaviano G, Builes N, Nademi Z, Battersby A, Flood T, Owens S, Cant AJ, Young H, Greener S, Walsh P, Kavanagh D, Annavarapu S, Rao K, Amrolia P, Chiesa R, Worth A, Booth C, Skinner R, Doncheva B, Standing J, Gennery AR, Qasim W, Slatter M, Veys P. New Insights Into Risk Factors for Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Pediatric HSCT. Blood Advances 2020, 4(11), 2418-2429.
  • Fakhouri F, Scully M, Provôt F, Blasco M, Coppo P, Noris M, Paizis K, Kavanagh D, Pène F, Quezada S, Hertig A, Kissling S, O'Brien P, Delmas Y, Winer N, Veyradier A, Cataland S, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Loirat C, Remuzzi G, Tsatsaris V, the International Working Group on Pregnancy-Related Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Management of thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy and postpartum: report from an international multidisciplinary working group. Blood 2020, 136(19), 2103-2117.
  • Brocklebank V, Kumar G, Howie AJ, Chandar J, Milford DV, Craze J, Evans J, Finlay E, Freundlich M, Gale DP, Inward C, Mraz M, Jones C, Wong W, Marks SD, Connolly J, Corner BM, Smith-Jackson K, Walsh PR, Marchbank KJ, Harris C, Wilson V, Wong EKS, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin NS, Kavanagh D. Long-term outcomes and response to treatment in DGKE nephropathy. Kidney International 2020, 97(6), 1260-1274.
  • Java A, Baciu P, Widjajahakim R, Sung Y, Yang J, Kavanagh D, Atkinson JP, Seddon J. Functional Analysis of Rare Genetic Variants in Complement Factor I (CFI) using a Serum-Based Assay in Advanced Age-related Macular Degeneration. Translational Vision Science & Technology 2020, 9, 37.
  • Cerniauskas E, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Xie L, Hallam D, Moya-Molina M, White K, Steel D, Doherty M, Whitfield P, Al-Aama J, Armstrong L, Kavanagh D, Lambris J, Korolchuk V, Harris C, Lako M. Complement modulation reverses pathology in Y402H-retinal pigment epithelium cell model of AMD by restoring lysosomal function. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2020, 9(12), 1585-1603.
  • Altmann T, Torvell M, Owens S, Mitra D, Sheerin N, Morgan BP, Kavanagh D, Forsyth R. Complement Factor I deficiency: a potentially treatable cause of fulminant cerebral inflammation. Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2020, 7(3), e689.
  • Bongetti E, Kavanagh D, Martin K, Bendall A, Hill P, Steinberg A, Rajaram Y, Ierino F. Cocaine-associated atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a genetically susceptible individual. Nephrology 2020, 25(7), 518-521.
  • Duncan CJA, Thompson BJ, Chen R, Rice GI, Gothe F, Young DF, Lovell SC, Shuttleworth VG, Brocklebank V, Corner B, Skelton AJ, Bondet V, Coxhead J, Duffy D, Fourrage C, Livingston JH, Pavaine J, Cheesman E, Bitetti S, Grainger A, Acres M, Innes BA, Mikulasova A, Sun R, Hussain H, Wright R, Wynn R, Zarhrate M, Zeef LAH, Wood K, Hughes SM, Harris CL, Engelhardt KE, Crow YJ, Randall RE, Kavanagh D, Hambleton S, Briggs TA. Severe type I interferonopathy and unrestrained interferon signaling due to a homozygous germline mutation in STAT2. Science Immunology 2019, 4(42), eaav7501.
  • Smith-Jackson K, Yang Y, Denton H, Pappworth IY, Cooke K, Barlow PN, Atkinson JP, Liszewski MK, Pickering MC, Kavanagh D, Cook T, Marchbank KJ. Hyper-functional complement C3 promotes C5-dependent atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in mice . Journal of Clinical Investigation 2019, 129(3), 1061-1075.
  • Brocklebank V, Wood KM, Kavanagh D. Thrombotic microangiopathy and the kidney. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2018, 13(2), 300-317.
  • Osborne AJ, Breno M, Borsa NG, Bu F, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Gale DP, van den Heuvel LP, Kavanagh D, Noris M, Pinto S, Rallapalli PM, Remuzzi G, Rodríguez de Cordoba S, Ruiz A, Smith RJH, Vieira-Martins P, Volokhina E, Wilson V, Goodship THJ, Perkins SJ. Statistical Validation of Rare Complement Variants Provides Insights into the Molecular Basis of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and C3 Glomerulopathy. Journal of Immunology 2018, 200(7), 2464-2478.
  • Morgan BP, Kavanagh D. Introduction to complement in health and disease: novel aspects and insights. Seminars in Immunopathology 2018, 40(1), 1-2.
  • Walsh PR, Johnson S, Brocklebank V, Salvatore J, Christian M, Kavanagh D. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Mimicking Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2018, 71(2), 287-290.
  • Wong EKS, Kavanagh D. Diseases of complement dysregulation—an overview. Seminars in Immunopathology 2018, 40(1), 49-64.
  • Harris CL, Pouw RB, Kavanagh D, Sun R, Ricklin D. Developments in anti-complement therapy; from disease to clinical trial. Molecular Immunology 2018, 102, 89-119.
  • Arbore G, West EE, Rahman J, Le Friec G, Niyonzima N, Pirooznia M, Tunc I, Pavlidis P, Powell N, Li Y, Liu P, Servais A, Couzi L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Placais L, Ferraro A, Walsh PR, Kavanagh D, Afzali B, Lavender P, Lachmann HJ, Kemper C. Complement receptor CD46 co-stimulates optimal human CD8⁺ T cell effector function via fatty acid metabolism. Nature Communications 2018, 9, 4186.
  • Challis RC, Ring T, Xu Y, Wong EKS, Flossmann O, Roberts ISD, Ahmed S, Wetherall M, Salkus G, Brocklebank B, Fester J, Strain L, Wilson V, Wood KM, Marchbank KJ, Santibanez-Koref M, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Inverted Formin 2-Mediated Renal Disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017, 28(4), 1084-1091.
  • Dowen F, Wood K, Brown AL, Palfrey J, Kavanagh D, Brocklebank V. Rare genetic variants in Shiga toxin–associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome: genetic analysis prior to transplantation is essential. Clinical Kidney Journal 2017, 10(4), 490-493.
  • Bruel A, Kavanagh D, Noris M, Delmas Y, Wong E, Bresin E, Provôt F, Brocklebank V, Mele C, Remuzzi G, Loirat C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Fakhouri F. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Pregnancy and Post-Partum. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2017, 12(8), 1237-1247.
  • Blatt AZ, Saggu G, Cortes C, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Ricklin D, Lambris JD, Ferreira VP. Factor H C-Terminal Domains Are Critical for Regulation of Platelet/Granulocyte Aggregate Formation. Frontiers in Immunology 2017, 8, 1586.
  • Brocklebank V, Johnson S, Sheerin TP, Marks SD, Gilbert RD, Tyerman K, Kinoshita M, Awan A, Kaur A, Webb N, Hegde S, Finlay E, Fitzpatrick M, Walsh P, Wong EKS, Booth C, Kerecuk L, Salama A, Almond M, Inward C, Goodship TH, Sheerin N, Marchbank KJ, Kavanagh D. Factor H autoantibody is associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Kidney International 2017, 92(5), Pages 1261-1271.
  • Kerr H, Wong E, Makou E, Yang Y, Marchbank K, Kavanagh D, Richards A, Herbert A, Barlow P. Disease-linked mutations in factor H reveal pivotal role of cofactor activity in self surface-selective regulation of complement activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2017, 292, 13345-13360.
  • Brocklebank V, Kavanagh D. Complement C5-inhibiting therapy for the thrombotic microangiopathies: accumulating evidence, but not a panacea. Clinical Kidney Journal 2017, 10(5), 600-624.
  • Hallam D, Collin j, Bojic S, Chichagova V, Buskin A, Xu Y, Lafage L, Otten EG, Anyfantis G, Mellough C, Przyboski S, Alhart S, Korolchuk V, Lotery A, Saretzki G, McKibbin M, Armstrong L, Steel D, Kavanagh D, Lako M. An iPSC patient specific model of CFH (Y402H) polymorphism displays characteristic features of AMD and indicates a beneficial role for UV light exposure. Stem Cells 2017, 35(11), 2305-2320.
  • Kavanagh D, McGlasson S, Jury A, Williams J, Scolding N, Bellamy C, Gunther C, Ritchie D, Gale DP, Kanwar YS, Challis R, Buist H, Overell J, Weller B, Flossmann O, Blunden M, Meyer EP, Krucker T, Evans SJ, Campbell IL, Jackson AP, Chandran S, Hunt DP. Type I interferon causes thrombotic microangiopathy by a dose-dependent toxic effect on the microvasculature. Blood 2016, 128(24), 2824-2833.
  • Phillips EH, Westwood JP, Brocklebank V, Wong EKS, Tellez JO, Marchbank KJ, McGuckin S, Gale DP, Connolly J, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D, Scully MA. The role of ADAMTS-13 activity and complement mutational analysis in differentiating acute thrombotic microangiopathies. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2016, 14(1), 175-185.
  • Gleeson PJ, Wilson V, Cox TE, Sharma SD, Smith-Jackson K, Strain L, Lappin D, McHale T, Kavanagh D, Goodship THJ. Chromosomal rearrangement – a rare cause of complement factor I associated atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Immunobiology 2016, 221(10), 1124-1130.
  • Sheerin N, Kavanagh D, Goodship THG, Johnson S. A national specialised service in England for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome – the first year’s experience. QJM 2016, 109(1), 27-33.
  • Challis RC, Araujo GSR, Wong EKS, Anderson HE, Awan A, Dorman AM, Waldron M, Wilson V, Brocklebank V, Strain L, Morgan BP, Harris CL, Marchbank KJ, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. A De Novo Deletion in the Regulators of Complement Activation Cluster Producing a Hybrid Complement Factor H/Complement Factor H–Related 3 Gene in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2016, 27(6), 1617-1624.
  • Blaum BS, Hannan JP, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Uhrin D, Stehle T. Structural basis for sialic acid-mediated self-recognition by complement factor H. Nature Chemical Biology 2015, 11(1), 77-82.
  • Kavanagh D, Yu Y, Schramm EC, Triebwasser M, Wagner EK, Raychaudhuri S, Daly MJ, Atkinson JP, Seddon JM. Rare genetic variants in the CFI gene are associated with advanced age-related macular degeneration and commonly result in reduced serum factor I levels. Human Molecular Genetics 2015, 24(13), 3861-3870.
  • Sevinc M, Basturk T, Sahutoglu T, Sakaci T, Koc Y, Ahbap E, Akgol C, Kara E, Brocklebank V, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D, Unsal A. Plasma resistant atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with a CFH mutation treated with eculizumab: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports 2015, 9, 92.
  • Wong E, Challis R, Sheerin N, Johnson S, Kavanagh D, Goodship TH. Patient stratification and therapy in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). Immunobiology 2015.
  • Watson R, Wearmouth E, McLoughlin A-C, Jackson A, Ward S, Bertram P, Bennaceur K, Barker CE, Pappworth IY, Kavanagh D, Lea SM, Atkinson JP, Goodship THJ, Marchbank KJ. Autoantibodies to CD59, CD55, CD46 or CD35 are not associated with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). Molecular Immunology 2015, 63(2), 287-296.
  • Yu Y, Triebwasser MP, Wong EKS, Schramm EC, Thomas B, Reynolds R, Mardis ER, Atkinson JP, Daly M, Raychaudhuri S, Kavanagh D, Seddon JM. Whole-exome sequencing identifies rare, functional CFH variants in families with macular degeneration. Human Molecular Genetics 2014, 23(19), 5283-5293.
  • Hunt D, Kavanagh D, Drummond I, Weller B, Bellamy C, Overell J, Evans S, Jackson A, Chandran S. Thrombotic Microangiopathy Associated with Interferon Beta. New England Journal of Medicine 2014, 370(13), 1270-1271.
  • Wong EKS, Anderson HE, Herbert AP, Challis RC, Brown P, Reis GS, Tellez JO, Strain L, Fluck N, Humphrey A, Macleod A, Richards A, Ahlert D, Santibanez-Koref M, Barlow PN, Marchbank KJ, Harris CL, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. Characterization of a Factor H Mutation That Perturbs the Alternative Pathway of Complement in a Family with Membranoproliferative GN. Journal of American Society of Nephrology 2014, 25(11), 2425-2433.
  • Brocklebank V, Wong EKS, Fielding R, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with a CD46 mutation triggered by Shigella flexneri. Clinical Kidney Journal 2014, 7(3), 286-288.
  • Seddon JM, Yu Y, Miller EC, Reynolds R, Tan PL, Gowrisankar S, Goldstein JI, Triebwasser M, Anderson HE, Zerbib J, Kavanagh D, Souied E, Katsanis N, Daly MJ, Atkinson JP, Raychaudhuri S. Rare variants in CFI, C3 and C9 are associated with high risk of advancedage-related macular degeneration. Nature Genetics 2013, 45, 1366-1370.
  • Holmes LV, Strain L, Staniforth SJ, Moore I, Marchbank K, Kavanagh D, Goodship JA, Cordell HJ, Goodship THJ. Determining the Population Frequency of the CFHR3/CFHR1 Deletion at 1q32. PLoS ONE 2013, 8(4), e60352.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship TH, Richards A. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Seminars in Nephrology 2013, 33(6), 508-530.
  • Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Johansson C, Morgan HP, Blaum BS, Hannan JP, Barlow PN, Uhrin D. Structural and Functional Characterization of the Product of Disease-Related Factor H Gene Conversion. Biochemistry 2012, 51(9), 1874-1884.
  • Kavanagh D, Anderson HE. Interpretation of genetic variants of uncertain significance in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney International 2012, 81(1), 11-3.
  • Kavanagh D, Pappworth IY, Anderson H, Hayes CM, Moore I, Hunze EM, Bennaceur K, Roversi P, Lea S, Strain L, Ward R, Plant N, Nailescu C, Goodship TH, Marchbank KJ. Factor I Autoantibodies in Patients with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Disease-Associated or an Epiphenomenon?. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2012, 7(3), 417-426.
  • Goodship THJ, Pappworth IY, Toth T, Denton M, Houlberg K, McCormick F, Warland D, Moore I, Hunze EM, Staniforth SJ, Hayes C, Cavalcante DP, Kavanagh D, Strain L, Herbert AP, Schmidt CQ, Barlow PN, Harris CL, Marchbank KJ. Factor H autoantibodies in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Molecular Immunology 2012, 52(3-4), 200-206.
  • Francis NJ, McNicholas B, Awan A, Waldron M, Reddan D, Sadlier D, Kavanagh D, Strain L, Marchbank KJ, Harris CL, Goodship THJ. A novel hybrid CFH/CFHR3 gene generated by a microhomology-mediated deletion in familial atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2012, 119(2), 591-601.
  • Morgan HP, Schmidt CO, Guariento M, Blaum BS, Gillespie D, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Mertens HD, Svergun DI, Johansson CM, Uhrin D, Barlow PN, Hannan JP. Structural basis for engagement by complement factor H of C3b on a self surface. Nature Structural and Molecular Biology 2011, 18(4), 463-470.
  • Salmon JE, Heuser C, Triebwasser M, Liszewski MK, Kavanagh D, Roumenina L, Branch DW, Goodship T, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Atkinson JP. Mutations in Complement Regulatory Proteins Predispose to Preeclampsia: A Genetic Analysis of the PROMISSE Cohort. PLoS Medicine 2011, 8(3), e1001013.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship T. Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome. Nephron Clinical Practice 2011, 118(1), C37-C42.
  • Pechtl IC, Kavanagh D, McIntosh N, Harris CL, Barlow PN. Disease-associated N-terminal complement factor H mutations perturb cofactor and decay-accelerating activities. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286(13), 11082-11090.
  • Morgan HP, Jiang JZ, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Uhrin D, Barlow PN, Hannan JP. Crystallographic determination of the disease-associated T1184R variant of complement regulator factor H. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 2011, 67, 593-600.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship THJ. Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Genetic Basis, and Clinical Manifestations. HEMATOLOGY-AMERICAN SOCIETY HEMATOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAM 2011, 15-20.
  • Bento D, Mapril J, Rocha C, Marchbank KJ, Kavanagh D, Barge D, Strain L, Goodship THJ, Meneses-Oliveira C. Triggering of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome by influenza A (H1N1). Renal Failure 2010, 32(6), 753-756.
  • Kavanagh D, Richards A, Goodship T, Jalanko H. Transplantation in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2010, 36(6), 653-659.
  • Dhillon B, Wright AF, Tufail A, Pappworth I, Hayward C, Moore I, Strain L, Kavanagh D, Barlow PN, Herbert AP, Schmidt CQ, Armbrecht AM, Laude A, Deary IJ, Staniforth SJ, Holmes LV, Goodship THJ, Marchbank KJ. Complement Factor H Autoantibodies and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2010, 51(11), 5858-5863.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship THJ. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Current Opinion in Hematology 2010, 17(5), 432-438.
  • Moore I, Strain L, Pappworth I, Kavanagh D, Barlow PN, Herbert AP, Schmidt CQ, Staniforth SJ, Holmes LV, Ward R, Morgan L, Goodship THJ, Marchbank KJ. Association of factor H autoantibodies with deletions of CFHR1, CFHR3, CFHR4, and with mutations in CFH, CFI, CD46, and C3 in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 2010, 115(2), 379-387.
  • Ferreira VP, Herbert AP, Cortés C, McKee KA, Blaum BS, Esswein ST, Uhrín D, Barlow PN, Pangburn MK, Kavanagh D. The binding of factor H to a complex of physiological polyanions and C3b on cells is impaired in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Journal of Immunology 2009, 182(11), 7009-7018.
  • Richards A, Kavanagh D. Pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy: insights from animal models. Nephron Experimental Nephrology 2009, 113(4), e97-e103.
  • Hocking HG, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Soares DC, Ferreira VP, Pangburn MK, Uhrin D, Barlow PN. Structure of the N-terminal region of complement factor H and conformational implications of disease-linked sequence variations. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008, 283(14), 9475-9487.
  • Kavanagh D, Spitzer D, Kothari PH, Shaikh A, Liszewski MK, Richards A, Atkinson JP. New roles for the major human 3′-5′ exonuclease TREX1 in human disease. Cell Cycle 2008, 7(12), 1718-1725.
  • Kavanagh D, Richards A, Atkinson J. Complement regulatory genes and hemolytic uremic syndromes. Annual Review of Medicine 2008, 59(1), 293-309.
  • Kavanagh D, Richards A, Noris M, Hauhart R, Liszewski MK, Karpman D, Goodship JA, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Remuzzi G, Goodship THJ, Atkinson JP. Characterization of mutations in complement factor I (CFI) associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Molecular Immunology 2008, 45(1), 95-105.
  • Blom AM, Bergström F, Edey MMJ, Diaz-Torres M, Kavanagh DG, Lampe AK, Goodship JA, Strain L, Moghal N, McHugh M, Inward C, Tomson C, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Villoutreix BO, Goodship THJ. A Novel Non-Synonymous Polymorphism (p.Arg240His) in C4b-Binding Protein Is Associated with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Leads to Impaired Alternative Pathway Cofactor Activity. Journal of Immunology 2008, 180(9), 6385-6391.
  • Schmidt CQ, Herbert AP, Kavanagh D, Gandy C, Fenton CJ, Blaum BS, Lyon M, Uhrin D, Barlow PN. A New Map of Glycosaminoglycan and C3b Binding Sites on Factor H. Journal of Immunology 2008, 181(4), 2610-2619.
  • Kavanagh D, Burgess R, Spitzer D, Richards A, Diaz-Torres ML, Goodship JA, Hourcade DE, Atkinson JP, Goodship THJ. The decay accelerating factor mutation I197V found in hemolytic uraemic syndrome does not impair complement regulation. Molecular Immunology 2007, 44(12), 3162-3167.
  • Kavanagh D, Richards A, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Noris M, Goodship T, Remuzzi G, Atkinson JP. Screening for complement system abnormalities in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007, 2(3), 591-596.
  • Richards A, Kathryn Liszewski M, Kavanagh D, Fang CJ, Moulton E, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Remuzzi G, Noris M, Goodship THJ, Atkinson JP. Implications of the initial mutations in membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) leading to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Molecular Immunology 2007, 44(1-3), 111-122.
  • Richards A, van den Maagdenberg A, Jen J, Kavanagh D, Bertram P, Spitzer D, Liszewski K, Barilla-LaBarca M, Terwindt G, Kasai Y, McLellan M, Grand M, Vanmolkot K, de Vries B, Wan J, Kane M, Mamsa H, Schafer R, Stam A, Haan J, de Jong P, Storimans C, van Schooneveld M, Oosterhuis J, Gschwendter A, Dichgans M, Kotschet K, Hodgkinson S, Hardy T, Delatycki M, Hajj-Ali R, Kothari P, Nelson S, Frants R, Baloh R, Ferrari M, Atkinson JP. C-terminal truncations in human 3′-5′ DNA exonuclease TREX1 cause autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy. Nature Genetics 2007, 39(9), 1068-1070.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship THJ. Membrane cofactor protein and factor I: Mutations and transplantation. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 2006, 32(2), 155-159.
  • Caprioli J, Noris M, Brioschi S, Pianetti G, Castelletti F, Bettinaglio P, Mele C, Bresin E, Cassis L, Gamba S, Porrati F, Bucchioni S, Monteferrante G, Fang CJ, Liszewski MK, Kavanagh D, Atkinson JP, Remuzzi G. Genetics of HUS: the impact of MCP, CFH, and IF mutations on clinical presentation, response to treatment, and outcome. Blood 2006, 108(4), 1267-1279.
  • Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Moulton EA, Kavanagh D, Dragon-Durey MA, Blouin J, Caudy A, Arzouk N, Cleper R, Francois M, Guest G, Pourrat J, Seligman R, Fridman WH, Loirat C, Atkinson JP. Genetic and functional analyses of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) mutations in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006, 17(7), 2017-2025.
  • Hageman GS, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, Gehrs KM, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Radeke MJ, Kavanagh D, Richards A, Atkinson J, Meri S, Bergeron J, Zernant J, Merriam J, Gold B, Allikmets R, Dean M. Extended haplotypes in the complement factor H (CFH) and CFH-related (CFHR) family of genes protect against age-related macular degeneration: characterization, ethnic distribution and evolutionary implications. Annals of Medicine 2006, 38(8), 592-604.
  • Kavanagh D, Kemp EJ, Richards A, Burgess RM, Mayland E, Goodship JA, Goodship THJ. Does complement factor B have a role in the pathogenesis of atypical HUS?. Molecular Immunology 2006, 43(7), 856-859.
  • Siddiqui S, Kavanagh D, Traynor J, Mak M, Deighan C, Geddes C. Risk factors for restless legs syndrome in dialysis patients. Nephron - Clinical Practice 2005, 101(3), C155-C160.
  • Kavanagh D, Kemp EJ, Mayland E, Winney RJ, Duffield JS, Warwick G, Richards A, Ward R, Goodship JA, Goodship THJ. Mutations in complement factor I predispose to development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005, 16(7), 2150-2155.
  • Atkinson JP, Liszewski MK, Richards A, Kavanagh D, Moulton EA. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: an example of insufficient complement regulation on self-tissue. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences 2005, 1056(1), 144-152.
  • Richards A, Ng Kam Chuen J, Taylor C, Jackson R, Toms G, Kavanagh D. Acute respiratory infection in a renal transplant recipient. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005, 20(12), 2848-2850.
  • Geddes C, Kavanagh D, Siddiqui S. Restless Legs bei Uramie. Nephrologie fur Klink and Praxis 2004, 20, 1-7.
  • Kavanagh D, Prescott GJ, Mactier RA. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in Scotland (1999-2002). Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2004, 19(10), 2584-2591.
  • Woo YM, McLean D, Kavanagh D, Ward L, Aitken S, Miller GJ, Egan P, Hughes K, Clark L, Carswell K, Morris ST, Northridge DB, Rodger RS, Jardine AG. The influence of pre-operative electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors on patient and graft survival following renal transplantation. Journal of Nephrology 2002, 15(4), 380-386.
  • Kavanagh D, Morris ST, Northridge DB, Rodger RS, Jardine AG. Electrocardiogram and Outcome following Renal Transplantation. Nephron 1999, 81(1), 109-110.

• Editorials

  • Kavanagh D, Smith-Jackson K. Eculizumab in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney International 2016, 89(3), 537-538.
  • Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. Pulling the Trigger in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: The Role of Pregnancy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2010, 21(5), 731-732.

• Letter

  • Kavanagh D, Holmes M, Appleton M, Bartlett K. Interference of urinary amino acid analysis by pregabalin. Clinica Chimica Acta 2012, 413(9-10), 953-954.

• Reports

  • Wong E, Maville C, Allen G, Turnbull C, Naidoo L, Winn S, Oxley A, Walsh P, Brocklebank V, Montgomery E, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2022/23. Newcastle upon Tyne: 2024, 2024. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Maville C, Allen G, Turnbull C, Forster N, Naidoo L, Winn S, Montgomery M, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2021/22. Newcatle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2023. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Maville C, Allen G, Turnbull C, Forster N, Nicholl H, Winn S, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2020/21. Newcastle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2021. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Batchelor L, Maville C, Watt A, Forster N, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2019/20. Newcastle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2020. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Stout J, Ndebele J, Watt A, Batchelor L, Forster N, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2018/19. Newcastle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2019. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Stout J, Ndebele J, Watt A, Malina M, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2017/18. Newcastle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2018. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.
  • Wong E, Johnson S, Sheerin N, Kavanagh D. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre 2016/2017. Newcastle upon Tyne: National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, 2017. The Annual Report of the National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre.

• Reviews

  • Smith RJH, Appel GB, Blom AM, Cook HT, D'Agati VD, Fakhouri F, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Jozsi M, Kavanagh D, Lambris JD, Noris M, Pickering MC, Remuzzi G, de Cordoba SR, Sethi S, Van der Vlag J, Zipfel PF, Nester CM. C3 glomerulopathy — understanding a rare complement-driven renal disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology 2019, 15(3), 129-143.
  • Nester CM, Barbour T, de Cordoba SR, Dragon-Durey MA, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D, Noris M, Pickering M, Sanchez-Corral P, Skerka C, Zipfel P, Smith RJH. Atypical aHUS: State of the art. Molecular Immunology 2015, 67(1), 31-42.
  • Wong EKS, Kavanagh D. Anticomplement C5 therapy with eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Translational Research 2015, 165(2), 306-320.
  • Brocklebank V, Kavanagh D. Protecting the kidney from complement: atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Clinical Medicine 2014, 14(suppl. 6), s89-s94.
  • Kavanagh D, Raman S, Sheerin NS. Management of hemolytic uremic syndrome. F1000 Prime Reports 2014, 6, 1-11.
  • Wong EKS, Goodship THJ, Kavanagh D. Complement therapy in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). Molecular Immunology 2013, 56(3), 199-212.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship T. Genetics and complement in atypical HUS. Pediatric Nephrology 2010, 25(12), 2431-2442.
  • Fang CJ, Richards A, Liszewski MK, Kavanagh D, Atkinson JP. Advances in understanding of pathogenesis of aHUS and HELLP. British Journal of Haematology 2008, 143(3), 336-348.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship TH. Update on evaluating complement in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2007, 16(6), 565-571.
  • Richards A, Kavanagh D, Atkinson JP. Inherited complement regulatory protein deficiency predisposes to human disease in acute injury and chronic inflammatory statesthe examples of vascular damage in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and debris accumulation in age-related macular degeneration. Advances in Immunology 2007, 96, 141-177.
  • Kavanagh D, Goodship THJ, Richards A. Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. British Medical Bulletin 2006, 77-78(1), 5-22.
  • Kavanagh D, Siddiqui S, Geddes CC. Restless legs syndrome in patients on dialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004, 43(5), 763-771.